作者:朱为模
有氧之父库珀博士(Kenneth H. Cooper)在1968年发表了他著名的《有氧运动》小册子。
经过之后近50年询证研究的积累,美国心脏协会在2016年发表了一项科学声明,总结了大量证据,得出有氧能力,也叫心肺体适能(Cardiorespiratory Fitness,CRF),和传统风险因素(如高血压、吸烟、肥胖、高血脂和2型糖尿病)一样,是预测心血管疾病(CVD)及其死亡风险的强有力指标。这一结论同样适用于健康男性和女性、患有已确诊的CVD以及多种并发症的成年人。声明还表示,如果将有氧能力添加到传统的CVD风险因素中,可以明显改善不良健康结果的风险分类,是独立于常见的风险因素,预测心血管疾病(CVD)发病和死亡风险强有力的标志。随着评估方法的日益便捷,有氧能力正成为临床健康管理中不可缺乏的一部分,同时也为降低医疗成本提供了新的途径,声明因此把CRF认定为“临床生命体征”,并建议把有氧能力作为所有医疗机构中的常规临床健康评估指标。
自2016年的声明发表以来,对作为预测人类健康和表现指标有氧能力的兴趣呈指数增长。用Google Scholar对2016年至2023年间有氧能力研究的检索显示,短短7年间,有超过17,000篇文献得以发表,凸显了有氧能力在认识人类健康和表现方面的重要性。2016年声明的第一作者Robert Ross博士最近又一次领衔对过去7年的文献做了梳理,在Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases杂志上发文对科学声明做了更新:
-
提高有氧能力对减低全因死亡风险和心血管风险的积极作用。
※ 全因死亡率的风险 – 男性降低30% [HR 0.70 (0.66-0.74)],女性降低41% [HR 0.59 (0.54-0.64)];
※ 心血管疾病死亡率风险 – 男性降低30% [HR 0.70 (0.64-0.77)],女性降低45% [HR 0.55 (0.48-0.62)]。
-
有氧能力对减低癌症死亡风险的积极作用以及改善和保持有氧能力的重要性。
(图片来源:微信公众平台公共图片库)
1. 有氧能力的变化与相应的死亡风险变化成反比关系,即有氧能力增加与死亡风险降低相关,而有氧能力下降则与死亡风险增加相关。
2. 成年人无法“储存”有氧能力的益处。换句话说,如果有氧能力下降,益处也会随之下降。所以要活到老,有氧运动练到老!
-
有氧能力对其他健康风险的影响
对2016年以来近2万篇研究的梳理进一步确定了只要稍稍提高有氧能力(1梅脱,即每公斤体重、每分钟3.5毫升)就能对降低全因死亡、心血管疾病死亡、全癌症死亡率以及降低医疗成本起到积极的作用。
参考文献:
[1]Ross R, Blair SN, Arena R, Church TS, Després JP, Franklin BA, Haskell WL, Kaminsky LA, Levine BD, Lavie CJ, Myers J, Niebauer J, Sallis R, Sawada SS, Sui X, Wisløff U; American Heart Association Physical Activity Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; Stroke Council. Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016 Dec 13;134(24):e653-e699. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000461.
[2]Ross R, Arena R, Myers J, Kokkinos P, Kaminsky LA. Update to the 2016 American Heart Association cardiorespiratory fitness statement. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024 Mar-Apr;83:10-15. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.02.003. Epub 2024 Feb 21. PMID: 38387825.
[3]Han M, Qie R, Shi X, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56:733–739. 9. Zhao Y, Sun H, Qie R, et al. Association
[4]Ezzatvar Y, Izquierdo M, Nú˜nez J, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10:609–619.
[5]Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Samuel IBH, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality risk across the spectrum of age, race, and gender. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80:598–609.
[6]Zhao Y, Sun H, Qie R, et al. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52, e13770.
[7]Ekblom-Bak E, Bojsen-Møller E, Wallin P, et al. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cancer incidence and cancer-specific mortality of colon, lung, and prostate cancer among Swedish men. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6, e2321102.
[8]Fardman A, Banschick GD, Rabia R, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and survival following cancer diagnosis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28:1242–1249.
[9]Wang Y, Chen S, Zhang J, et al. Nonexercise estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and all-cancer mortality: the NHANES III study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93:848–856.
[10]Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Samuel IBH, et al. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and survival in patients with or without cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023; 81:1137–1147.
[11]Ehrman J, Brawner CA, Al-Mallah MH, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness change and mortality risk among black and white patients: Henry ford exercise testing (FIT) project. Am J Med. 2017;130:1177–1183.
[12]Imboden MT, Harber MP, Whaley MH, et al. The influence of change in cardiorespiratory fitness with short-term exercise training on mortality risk from the Ball State adult fitness longitudinal lifestyle study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94: 1406–1414.
[13]Houle SA, Sui X, Blair SN, et al. Association between change in nonexercise estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in men. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2022;6:106–113.
[14]Jackson AS, Blair SN, Mahar MT, Wier LT, Ross RM, Stuteville JE. Prediction of functional aerobic capacity without exercise testing. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22: 863–870.
[15]de Lannoy L, Sui X, Lavie CJ, et al. Change in submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness and all-cause mortality. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93:184–190.
[16]Laukkanen JA, Kunutsor SK, Yates T, et al. Prognostic relevance of cardiorespiratory fitness as assessed by submaximal exercise testing for all-cause mortality: a UK biobank prospective study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95:867–878.
[17]Vainshelboim B, Myers J, Matthews CE. Non-exercise estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29:599–607.
[18]Myers J, Doom R, King R, et al. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and health care costs: the veterans exercise testing study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93: 48–55.
[19]Wang Y, Müller J, Myers J. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and health care costs in hypertensive men. Atherosclerosis. 2021;331:1–5.
《中国临床营养网》编辑部
#artContent h1{font-size:16px;font-weight: 400;}#artContent p img{float:none !important;}#artContent table{width:100% !important;}